Oral tolerance is a state of systemic unresponsiveness that is the default response to food
antigens in the gastrointestinal tract, although immune tolerance can also be induced by …

Asthma is a complex inflammatory disease characterized by airway inflammation and
hyperresponsiveness. The mechanisms associated with the development and progression …

FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain tolerance against self-antigens and innocuous
environmental antigens. However, it is still unknown whether Treg-mediated tolerance is …

Airway tolerance is the usual outcome of inhalation of harmless antigens. Although T cell
deletion and anergy are likely components of tolerogenic mechanisms in the lung …

Background The attempt to induce oral tolerance as a treatment for food allergy has been
hampered by a lack of sustained clinical protection. Immunotherapy by nonoral routes, such …

Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) have a central role for keeping the balance between pro-
and anti-inflammatory immune responses against chronically encountered antigens at …

The skin immune system must discriminate between innocuous antigens and pathogens.
Antigen applied topically using a Viaskin® patch elicits immune tolerance that can suppress …

Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease primarily mediated by Th2 immune
mechanisms. Numerous studies have suggested that early life exposure to …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates cell growth,
differentiation, adhesion, migration and death dependent on cell type, developmental stage …

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a common T-cell mediated inflammatory skin condition,
characterized by an intensely pruritic rash at the site of contact with allergens like poison ivy …