Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has stimulated tremendous
efforts to develop therapeutic strategies that target severe acute respiratory syndrome …

Towards the end of 2021, SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness was threatened by the
emergence of the omicron clade (B. 1.1. 529), with more than 30 mutations in the spike …

The emergence of the highly contagious Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has inflicted
significant damage during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. This new variant's significant …

Somatic hypermutation (SHM) drives affinity maturation and continues over months in SARS-
CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). However, several potent SARS-CoV-2 antibodies …

The Omicron BA. 1 variant of SARS-CoV-2 escapes convalescent sera and monoclonal
antibodies that are effective against earlier strains of the virus. This immune evasion is …

Summary mRNA vaccines are effective in preventing severe COVID-19, but breakthrough
infections, emerging variants, and waning immunity warrant the use of boosters. Although …

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are effective at limiting disease severity, but effectiveness is lower
among patients with cancer or immunosuppression. Effectiveness wanes with time and …

ABSTRACT SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to emerge facing established herd immunity.
L452R, previously featured in the Delta variant, quickly emerged in Omicron subvariants …

Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater (WW) is a promising tool for epidemiological
surveillance, correlating not only viral RNA levels with the infection dynamics within the …

Antibody assay for SARS-CoV-2 has become increasingly important to track latent and
asymptomatic infections, check the individual's immune status, and confirm vaccine efficacy …