Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of death among patients with type 2
diabetes mellitus (T2DM), particularly in low-and middle-income countries. To effectively …

Insulin is a polypeptide hormone mainly secreted by β cells in the islets of Langerhans of the
pancreas. The hormone potentially coordinates with glucagon to modulate blood glucose …

Vascular complications of diabetes pose a severe threat to human health. Prevention and
treatment protocols based on a single vascular complication are no longer suitable for the …

Insulin resistance (IR) plays a crucial role in the development and progression of
metabolism-related diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, tumors, and nonalcoholic fatty …

The pathogenesis and clinical features of diabetic cardiomyopathy have been well-studied
in the past decade, but effective approaches to prevent and treat this disease are limited …

The incidence of diabetes mellitus is rapidly increasing, and this condition often results in
significant metabolic disease and severe complications. Nurses have a crucial role in …

Obesity and hypertension, which often coexist, are major risk factors for heart failure and are
characterized by chronic, low-grade inflammation, which promotes adverse cardiac …

The human health is still threatened by refractory keratitis and diabetic foot ulcers caused by
bacterial infections, hypoxia, and chronic inflammation, so that patients are exposed to the …

Insulin resistance results when peripheral tissues, including adipose, skeletal muscle, and
liver, do not respond appropriately to insulin, causing the ineffective uptake of glucose. This …

De novo lipogenesis (DNL) is a complex and highly regulated process in which
carbohydrates from circulation are converted into fatty acids that are then used for …