Nanoparticles (NPs) and submicron particles are increasingly used as carriers for delivering
therapeutic compounds to cells. Their entry into the cell represents the initial step in this …

Two decades ago successful transfection of antigen presenting cells (APC) in vivo was
demonstrated which resulted in the induction of primary adaptive immune responses. Due to …

Microplastics and nanoplastics can accumulate in organisms after being ingested, be
transported in the food web, and ultimately threaten human health. An understanding of the …

The monitoring of intracellular microRNAs plays important roles in elucidating the biological
function and biogenesis of miRNAs in living cells. However, because of their sequence …

Conspectus The specific pairing between two complementary nucleobases (A· T, C· G)
according to the Watson–Crick rules is by no means unique to natural nucleic acids. During …

Peptide nucleic acid or PNA is a synthetic DNA mimic that contains a sequence of
nucleobases attached to a peptide-like backbone derived from N-2-aminoethylglycine. The …

Inspired by the high gene transfer efficiency of viral vectors and to avoid side effects, we
present here a 1D rod-like gene-silencing vector based on a plant virus. By decorating the …

The interactions between inorganic-based nanomaterials (NMs) and biological membranes
are among the most important phenomena for developing NM-based therapeutics and …

The number of applications of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs)—oligonucleotide analogs with a
polyamide backbone—is continuously increasing in both in vitro and cellular systems and …

The monitoring and imaging of intracellular microRNAs (miRNAs) with specific sequences
plays a vital role in cell biology as it can potentially elucidate many cellular processes and …