Planar cell polarity (PCP) is an essential feature of animal tissues, whereby distinct polarity
is established within the plane of a cell sheet. Tissue-wide establishment of PCP is driven by …

Frizzled and LRP5/6 are Wnt receptors that upon activation lead to stabilization of
cytoplasmic β-catenin. In this study, we review the current knowledge of these two families of …

Protons dictate the charge and structure of macromolecules and are used as energy
currency by eukaryotic cells. The unique function of individual organelles therefore depends …

Growth factor signaling is required for cellular differentiation, tissue morphogenesis, and
tissue homeostasis. Misregulation of intracellular signal transduction can lead to …

Wnt signaling controls a variety of developmental and homeostatic events. As a key
component of Wnt signaling, Dishevelled (Dvl/Dsh) protein relays Wnt signals from receptors …

Na+/H+ exchangers play pivotal roles in the control of cell and tissue pH by mediating the
electroneutral exchange of Na+ and H+ across cellular membranes. They belong to an …

Wnt/β-catenin signaling is important in stem cell biology, embryonic development, and
disease, including cancer. However, the mechanism of Wnt signal transmission, notably how …

The majority of epilepsies are focal in origin, with seizures emanating from one brain region.
Although focal epilepsies often arise from structural brain lesions, many affected individuals …

Wnt/β-catenin signalling plays essential roles in embryonic development as well as tissue
homoeostasis in adults. Thus abnormal regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling is linked to a …

Secretory proteins are transported to the Golgi complex in vesicles that bud from the
endoplasmic reticulum. The cytoplasmic coat protein complex II (COPII) is responsible for …