This paper reviews key properties and major unsolved problems about Strong Thermal
Emission Velocity Enhancement (STEVE) and the picket fence. We first introduce the basic …

We present a new quantitative technique that determines the times and durations of
substorm expansion and recovery phases and possible growth phases based on percentiles …

Corotating interaction regions (CIRs) form in the interaction region between the solar-wind
high-speed streams and slow streams, leading to compressed plasma and magnetic fields …

Two collections of substorms are created: 28,464 substorms identified with jumps in the
SuperMAG AL index in the years 1979–2015 and 16,025 substorms identified with electron …

The auroral breakup and expansion are essential features of a magnetospheric substorm.
Negative bays beneath the aurora and positive bays at midlatitudes accompany the …

Geomagnetic substorm is one of the essential solar wind‐magnetosphere energy coupling
processes. In this study, we present a statistical analysis of substorms with different …

The development of two supersubstorms (ie, very intense substorms with an amplitude of
more than 2000 nT) recorded in the main phase of two consecutive strong magnetic storms …

Recent work revealed the existence of plasmapause surface waves (PSWs) with Van Allen
Probes observations, which are characterized by the periodic modulations of both …

Seasonal features of geomagnetic activity and their solar-wind–interplanetary drivers are
studied using more than five solar cycles of geomagnetic activity and solar wind …

We present a statistical study of the intense geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) in the
subauroral region, which can damage ground electronic systems. From the natural gas …