The various behavioral disciplines model human behavior in distinct and incompatible ways.
Yet, recent theoretical and empirical developments have created the conditions for …

We review approaches to predicting carbon and nitrogen allocation in forest models in terms
of their underlying assumptions and their resulting strengths and limitations. Empirical and …

The symbiosis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with plants, the most ancient and
widespread association, exhibits phenotypes that range from mutualism to parasitism …

Fungi play a major role in the function and dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems, directly
influencing the structure of plant, animal, and bacterial communities through interactions that …

Biological market theory has been used successfully to explain cooperative behavior in
many animal species. Microbes also engage in cooperative behaviors, both with hosts and …

Partner selection in the mycorrhizal symbiosis is thought to be a key factor stabilising the
mutualism. Both plant hosts and mycorrhizal fungi have been shown to preferentially …

Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis is omnipresent in boreal forests, where it is assumed to benefit
plant growth. However, experiments show inconsistent benefits for plants and volatility of …

Cooperation between organisms can often be understood, like trade between merchants, as
a mutually beneficial exchange of services, resources or other 'commodities'. Mutual benefits …

Competition for root colonization among ectomycorrhizal fungi is well documented, but the
mechanisms determining competitive outcomes are not clearly understood. In a previous …

The niche is generally viewed in terms of species' intrinsic physiological potential and
limitations due to competition. Although DNA sequencing has revealed the ubiquity of …