Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive malignant primary brain
tumor in adults. Current treatment options typically consist of surgery followed by …

Interleukin-12 is considered a potent agent to enhance antitumor immune responses. It
belongs to a family of heterodimeric cytokines with key roles in the up-regulation and down …

The immune system employs several checkpoint pathways to regulate responses, maintain
homeostasis and prevent self-reactivity and autoimmunity. Tumor cells can hijack these …

Oncolytic viruses have been taking the front stage in biological therapy for cancer recently.
The first and most potent virus to be used in oncolytic virotherapy is human adenovirus …

Applications of viral vectors have found an encouraging new beginning in gene therapy in
recent years. Significant improvements in vector engineering, delivery, and safety have …

The prognosis of malignant gliomas remains poor, with median survival fewer than 20
months and a 5-year survival rate merely 5%. Their primary location in the central nervous …

Since the discovery in 1796 by Edward Jenner of vaccinia virus as a way to prevent and
finally eradicate smallpox, the concept of using a virus to fight another virus has evolved into …

Highlights•Oncolytic viruses (OVs) can modulate tumour microenvironment (TME) towards
less immunosuppressive phenotype and induce anti-cancer immunity.•OVs can be used as …

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor. Despite multimodality
treatment with surgical resection, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and tumor treating fields …

Oncolytic viral therapy has been accepted as a standard immunotherapy since talimogene
laherparepvec (T-VEC, Imlygic®) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) …