We review key measurements performed by CMS in the context of its heavy ion physics
program, using event samples collected in 2010–2018 with several collision systems and …

We review the theoretical background, experimental techniques, and phenomenology of
what is known in relativistic heavy ion physics as the Glauber model, which is used to …

In this paper measurements are presented of π±, K±, p, and p¯ production at midrapidity (|
y|< 0.5), in Pb-Pb collisions at s NN= 2.76 TeV as a function of centrality. The measurement …

This publication describes the methods used to measure the centrality of inelastic Pb-Pb
collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV per colliding nucleon pair with ALICE. The …

We introduce an event-by-event perturbative-QCD+ saturation+ hydro (“EKRT”) framework
for ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions, where we compute the produced fluctuating QCD …

We present measurements of bulk properties of the matter produced in Au+ Au collisions at s
NN= 7.7, 11.5, 19.6, 27, and 39 GeV using identified hadrons (π±, K±, p, and p¯) from the …

Extensive experimental data from high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions were recorded
using the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The comprehensive …

The centrality dependence of the charged-particle multiplicity density at midrapidity in Pb-Pb
collisions at s NN= 2.76 TeV is presented. The charged-particle density normalized per …

Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) contains field configurations which can be characterized
by a topological invariant, the winding number Qw. Configurations with non-zero Qw break …

At the end of 2010, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN started operation with heavy-
ion beams, colliding lead nuclei at a center-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV per nucleon. These …