This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

Although hormones such as glucocorticoids have been broadly accepted in recent decades
as general neuromodulators of memory processes, sex steroid hormones such as the potent …

Traditional rodent models of Pavlovian fear conditioning assess the strength of learning by
quantifying freezing responses. However, sole reliance on this measure includes the de …

This article is part of a Special Issue “SBN 2014”. Women are more vulnerable to stress-and
fear-based disorders, such as anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Despite the …

In essentially every domain of neuroscience, the generally implicit assumption that few, if
any, meaningful differences exist between male and female brain function is being …

Women have increased vulnerability to PTSD and anxiety disorders compared to men.
Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of these disorders is critical for identifying …

Gonadal hormones modulate fear acquisition, but less is known about the influence of
gonadal hormones on fear extinction. We assessed sex differences and the influence of …

Convergent data from rodents and human studies have led to the development of models
describing the neural mechanisms of fear extinction. Key components of the now well …

Posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression share stress as an etiological
contributor and are more common in women than in men. Traditionally, preclinical studies …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Estradiol and Cognition”. There are sex differences in
hippocampus-dependent cognition and neurogenesis suggesting that sex hormones are …