A proper dialogue between spermatozoa and the egg is essential for conception of a new
individual in sexually reproducing animals. Ca2+ is crucial in orchestrating this unique event …

Fertilization is a matter of life or death. In animals of sexual reproduction, the appropriate
communication between mature and competent male and female gametes determines the …

Intracellular pH (pHi) regulation is essential for cell function. Notably, several unique sperm
ion transporters and enzymes whose elimination causes infertility are either pHi dependent …

The plasma membranes of most if not all vertebrate cells contain a transport system that
mediates the transmembrane exchange of sodium for hydrogen. The kinetic properties of …

Carp spermatozoa are immotile in seminal plasma or in saline solution of high osmolality (>
400 mosmol kg− 1). These 'quiescent'spermatozoa initiate a progressive forward motility …

For freshwater fish the motile period of sperm is extremely brief, even after a dilution in
isotonic media. This result is in contrast to most other animals (ranging from invertebrates to …

Background pH regulation is the result of a complex interaction of ion transport, H+ buffering,
H+-consuming and H+-producing reactions. Cells under anoxia experience an energy crisis; …

Energy utilization by the flagellum of motile sea urchin sperm is tightly coupled to the rate of
energy production by the mitochondrion. This tight coupling depends upon the transport of …

Ocean acidification is now recognized as a threat to marine ecosystems; however, the effect
of ocean acidification on fertilization in marine organisms is still largely unknown. In this …

Autism spectrum condition (ASC) is recognized as having an inflammatory component. Post-
mortem brain samples from patients with ASC display neuroglial activation and inflammatory …