Land plants are exposed to not only biotic stresses such as pathogen infection and
herbivore wounding, but abiotic stresses such as cold, heat, drought, and salt. Elaborate …

The rise in global temperature also favors the multiplication of pests and pathogens, which
calls into question global food security. Plants have developed special coping mechanisms …

Abiotic stresses, such as low or high temperature, deficient or excessive water, high salinity,
heavy metals, and ultraviolet radiation, are hostile to plant growth and development, leading …

Plant biomass is an abundant renewable resource on Earth. Microorganisms harvest energy
from plant material by means of complex enzymatic systems that efficiently degrade natural …

Outer protective barriers of animals use a variety of bio‐polymers, based on either proteins
(eg collagens), or modified sugars (eg chitin). Plants, however, have come up with a …

The evolutionary features and molecular innovations that enabled plants to first colonize
land are not well understood. Here, insights are provided through our report of the genome …

Very-long-chain fatty acids (ie, fatty acids with more than 18 carbon atoms; VLCFA) are
important molecules that play crucial physiological and structural roles in plants. VLCFA are …

Fruit has evolved myriad forms that facilitate seed dispersal in varied environmental and
ecological contexts. Because fleshy fruits become attractive and nutritious to seed …

In land plants the cuticle is the outermost layer interacting with the environment. This
lipophilic layer comprises the polyester cutin embedded in cuticular wax; and it forms a …

Cuticular wax, the first protective layer of above ground tissues of many plant species, is a
key evolutionary innovation in plants. Cuticular wax safeguards the evolution from certain …