Abstract Background and Purpose Chronic pain is considered a key factor contributing to
alcohol use disorder (AUD). The mechanisms responsible for chronic pain associated with …

Alcohol use disorders can be driven by negative reinforcement. Alterations of the
microtubule cytoskeleton have been associated with mood regulation in the context of …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease and approximately one
third of patients with PD are estimated to experience depression. Paraquat (PQ) is the most …

Background Alcohol withdrawal‐induced hyperalgesia (AWH) is characterized as an
increased pain sensitivity observed after cessation of chronic alcohol use. Alcohol …

Alcohol consumption activates the neuroimmune system of the brain, a system in which
brain astrocytes and microglia play dominant roles. These glial cells normally produce low …