Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic relapsing disorder that, whilst initially driven by
activation of brain reward neurocircuits, increasingly engages anti-reward neurocircuits that …

There is increasing evidence in humans and laboratory animals for biologically based sex
differences in every phase of drug addiction: acute reinforcing effects, transition from …

Sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic
and nongenomic receptors. Sex hormones can act through many cellular and molecular …

The mesolimbic dopamine system—which originates in the ventral tegmental area and
projects to the striatum—has been shown to be involved in the expression of sex-specific …

Over the last two decades, it has become evident that estrogens preserve the integrity of
energy homeostasis at central and peripheral levels. Estrogen deficiency, such as that …

Despite the exponential increase in fear research during the last years, few studies have
included female subjects in their design. The need to include females arises from the …

Oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα) signalling in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
contributes to energy homeostasis by modulating physical activity and thermogenesis …

Pain is a multidimensional experience and negative affect, or how much the pain is
“bothersome”, significantly impacts the sufferers' quality of life. It is well established that the κ …

Decades of research advances have established a central role for endogenous opioid
systems in regulating reward processing, mood, motivation, learning and memory …

While there is considerable evidence about sex-related differences between men and
women in drug metabolism, efficacy and safety of frequently prescribed drugs such as …