Allometry refers to the size-related changes of morphological traits and remains an essential
concept for the study of evolution and development. This review is the first systematic …

Recent years have seen increased interest in phylogenetic comparative analyses of
multivariate data sets, but to date the varied proposed approaches have not been …

Although most studies on integration and modularity have focused on variation among
individuals within populations or species, this is not the only level of variation for which …

Phenotypic integration is a pervasive characteristic of organisms. Numerous analyses have
demonstrated that patterns of phenotypic integration are conserved across large clades, but …

Modularity is now generally recognized as a fundamental feature of organisms, one that may
have profound consequences for evolution. Modularity has recently become a major focus of …

Bird beaks are textbook examples of ecological adaptation to diet, but their shapes are also
controlled by genetic and developmental histories. To test the effects of these factors on the …

Modularity describes the case where patterns of trait covariation are unevenly dispersed
across traits. Specifically, trait correlations are high and concentrated within subsets of …

Most existing methods for modeling trait evolution are univariate, although researchers are
often interested in investigating evolutionary patterns and processes across multiple traits …

Studies of evolutionary correlations commonly use phylogenetic regression (ie, independent
contrasts and phylogenetic generalized least squares) to assess trait covariation in a …

Mosaic evolution, which results from multiple influences shaping morphological traits and
can lead to the presence of a mixture of ancestral and derived characteristics, has been …