In concert with neuropeptides and transmitters, the end products of the hypothalamus-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the glucocorticoid hormones cortisol and corticosterone …

Fear extinction is a phenomenon that involves a gradual reduction in conditioned fear
responses through repeated exposure to fear-inducing cues. Functional brain connectivity …

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can develop following severe trauma, but the extent to
which genetic and environmental risk factors contribute to individual clinical outcomes is …

Patient-derived organoids (PDO) are a new biomedical research model that can reconstruct
phenotypic and genetic characteristics of the original tissue and are useful for research on …

Exposure to stressful life events increases the risk for psychiatric disorders. Mechanistic
insight into the genetic factors moderating the impact of stress can increase our …

Hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation has long been implicated in stress-
related disorders such as major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder …

Human organoids recapitulate the cell type diversity and function of their primary organs
holding tremendous potentials for basic and translational research. Advances in single‐cell …

Glucocorticoid stress hormones are powerful modulators of brain function and can affect
mood and cognitive processes. The hippocampus is a prominent glucocorticoid target and …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex and heterogeneous psychiatric syndrome
with genetic and environmental influences. In addition to neuroanatomical and circuit-level …

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder caused by
genetic or environmental perturbations during early development. Diagnoses are dependent …