An animal's within-group spatial position has several important fitness consequences. Risk
of predation, time spent engaging in antipredatory behavior, and feeding competition can all …

Vigilance allows animals to monitor their surroundings for signs of danger associated with
predators or rivals. As vigilance is costly, models predict that it should increase when the risk …

The formations made by gregarious animals can range from loose aggregates to highly
synchronized and ordered structures. For very large, coordinated groups, both physical and …

To test the hypothesis that variation in aerial flocking behaviour is adaptively related to
predation risk, we described and quantified the flocking patterns of starlings, approaching …

An understanding of how confined animals move within the space available to them is
essential in the design of effective captive environments that maximize animal welfare. In …

The Barnacle Goose, a distinctive, handsome black-and-white bird, gets its name from a
mediaeval myth that the birds hatched from barnacles–how else to explain their sudden …

Animal aggregates (sparrow flocks, anchovy schools, caribou herds) are complex systems
made up of potentially thousands of individuals moving in a coordinated mass. While such …

A variety of factors can influence an individual's choice of within-group spatial position. For
terrestrial social animals, predation, feeding success, and social competition are thought to …

Predation is a major pressure that shapes animal sociality, but predation risk is not
homogenous within groups. Animals located on the group edge typically face an increased …

The manner in which an animal moves throughout and utilizes the space available to it
depends on the dispersal, availability, and level of competition for resources the animal …