Evolution of resistance in pests can reduce the effectiveness of insecticidal proteins from
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produced by transgenic crops. We analyzed results of 77 studies …

Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria are insect pathogens that produce different Cry and Cyt toxins
to kill their hosts. Here we review the group of three-domain Cry (3d-Cry) toxins. Expression …

Transgenic crop pyramids producing two or more Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins that kill
the same insect pest have been widely used to delay evolution of pest resistance. To assess …

Background Crops engineered to produce insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are planted on millions of hectares annually, reducing the use of …

Evolution of pest resistance to pesticides is an urgent global problem with resistance
recorded in at least 954 species of pests, including 546 arthropods, 218 weeds, and 190 …

The primary strategy for delaying the evolution of pest resistance to transgenic crops that
produce insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) entails refuges of plants that do …

Transgenic crops producing insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are
commercially successful in reducing pest damage, yet knowledge of resistance mechanisms …

Transgenic maize and cotton expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins were first
commercialized in 1996. By 2009, Bt crops were planted on ca. 47.6 Mha in 22 countries …

The use of conventional chemical insecticides and bacterial toxins to control lepidopteran
pests of global agriculture has imposed significant selection pressure leading to the rapid …

Evolution of pest resistance reduces the efficacy of insecticidal proteins from Bacillus
thuringiensis (Bt) used in sprays or in transgenic crops. Although several pests have evolved …