The idea of central nervous system as one-man band favoring neurons is long gone. Now
we all are aware that neurons and neuroglia are team players and constant communication …

Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

Energy demand of neurons in brain that is covered by glucose supply from the blood is
ensured by glucose transporters in capillaries and brain cells. In brain, the facilitative …

Our brains consist of 80% water, which is continuously shifted between different
compartments and cell types during physiological and pathophysiological processes …

Dynamic metabolic changes occurring in neurons are critically important in directing brain
plasticity and cognitive function. In other tissue types, disruptions to metabolism and the …

The concept that the gut microbiota serves as a virtual endocrine organ arises from a
number of important observations. Evidence for a direct role arises from its metabolic …

Oligodendrocytes are glial cells that populate the entire CNS after they have differentiated
from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. From birth onward, oligodendrocytes initiate wrapping …

Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) constitute a family of 14 members among which
MCT1–4 facilitate the passive transport of monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate and …

Since its introduction 16 years ago, the astrocyte–neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS) model has
profoundly modified our understanding of neuroenergetics by bringing a cellular and …

We recently coined the phrase 'psychobiotics' to describe an emerging class of probiotics of
relevance to psychiatry [Dinan et al., Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74 (10): 720–726]. Such “mind …