In the last two decades, after the first light from the new Free Electron Lasers, either in the
UV (FLASH [1] and FERMI@ Elettra [2]) or X-ray (LCLS [3] and SACLA [4]), more and more …

This review is focused on free-electron lasers (FELs) in the hard to soft x-ray regime. The
aim is to provide newcomers to the area with insights into: the basic physics of FELs, the …

Hard X-rays have exceptional properties that are useful in the chemical, elemental and
structure analysis of matter. Although single-nanometre resolutions in various hard-X-ray …

X-ray free-electron lasers, produce intense femtosecond pulses that have applications in
exploring new frontiers in science. The unique characteristics of X-ray free-electron laser …

Intense X-ray fields produced with hard X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) have made possible
the study of nonlinear X-ray phenomena. However, the observable phenomena are still …

Freeform optical surfaces are advantageous to optical designers, as they provide additional
degrees of freedom for optimization. The loss of rotational symmetry, however, makes …

Nanofocused x rays are indispensable because they can provide high spatial resolution and
high sensitivity for x-ray nanoscopy/spectroscopy. A focusing system using total reflection …

Surface quality is the most crucial factor affecting the product lifespan and performance of
any component. Most earlier technologies display accuracy in the micrometre or …

We have constructed an extremely precise optical system for hard-x-ray nanofocusing in a
synchrotron radiation beamline. Precision multilayer mirrors were fabricated, tested, and …

By illuminating matter with bright and intense light, researchers gain insights into material
composition and properties. In the regime of extremely short wavelengths, X-ray free …