Ropivacaine (Naropin®) is the pure S (−)-enantiomer of propivacaine, and is a long-acting
amide local anaesthetic agent, eliciting nerve block via reversible inhibition of sodium ion …

Introduction: Balanced analgesia, using both opioid and nonopioids agents, has become the
standard care for postoperative pain management. Ketamine, a compound with analgesic …

Background Ketamine has been shown to have neurotoxic properties, when administered
neuraxially. The mechanism of this local toxicity is still unknown. Therefore, we investigated …

Background The aim of this quantitative systematic review was to assess the efficacy and
adverse effects of ketamine added to caudal local anaesthetics in comparison with local …

Study objective Caudal block helps relieve pain after sub-umbilical surgery in pediatric
patients; however, the duration for which it exerts its analgesic effect is limited. The addition …

Background The authors calculated the effect size for post‐operative analgesia of three
additives, clonidine, neostigmine, and tramadol to bupivacaine, ropivacaine, or …

Ketamine has found many applications in pediatric anesthetic practice. Insights into the
mechanism of action and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of its isomers have …

The article discusses the principles of postoperative pain management to be used in various
areas of pediatric surgical procedures. It starts by focusing on the assessment techniques …

Methods: In a randomised, prospective, double-blinded study, sixty children (1–8 years)
belonging to American Society of Anesthesiologists' physical status I or II scheduled for …

Local anesthetic efficacy of tramadol has been reported following intradermal application.
Our aim was to investigate the effect of perineural tramadol as the sole analgesic in two pain …