Since its initial approval in 1989 by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of
blepharospasm and other facial spasms, botulinum toxin (BoNT) has evolved into a …

Dystonia is a clinically and genetically highly heterogeneous neurological disorder
characterized by abnormal movements and postures caused by involuntary sustained or …

Background Dystonia is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous condition that occurs in
isolation (isolated dystonia), in combination with other movement disorders (combined …

Objectives The majority of people with suspected genetic dystonia remain undiagnosed after
maximal investigation, implying that a number of causative genes have not yet been …

Dystonia is a neurological disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle
contractions causing abnormal movements and postures, often occurring in absence of any …

A line of evidence suggests that the pathophysiology of dystonia involves the striatum,
whose activity is modulated among other neurotransmitters, by the dopaminergic system …

Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder characterised by abnormal involuntary
movements and postures, particularly affecting the head and neck. However, current clinical …

Dystonia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder characterized by abnormal movement or
posture caused by excessive muscle contraction. Because of its wide clinical spectrum …

Objective The study was undertaken to identify a monogenic cause of early onset,
generalized dystonia. Methods Methods consisted of genome‐wide linkage analysis, exome …

The integrated stress response (ISR) is a highly conserved biochemical pathway involved in
maintaining proteostasis and cell health in the face of diverse stressors. In this Review, we …