Research on the production of renewable biofuels as a replacement for non-renewable
diesel has been gaining interest due to the relatively low-toxicity and low carbon dioxide …

Esterification of lauric acid with a new homogeneous acid catalyst, ammonium ferric
sulphate (AFS), was used to get optimised reaction conditions in order to get the best methyl …

In view of the fast depletion of fossil fuels, biodiesel seems to be a possible new alternative
to counter the fuel crisis. In order to avoid excessive exploitation of agricultural land for the …

Sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) provide a vital pathway to reduce emissions from the
growing aviation sector. Taking this inspiration, this review critically examines recent …

Various synthesis methods such as deep-deposition-ultrasonication (DPU), co-precipitation-
ultrasonication (CPU), deposition-precipitation (DP), co-precipitation (CP) and wet …

Background: Conventional methods of biodiesel (FAME) synthesis often involve
transesterification processes that are catalysed by homogeneous catalysts, which present …

High production costs of biosurfactants are mainly caused by the usage of the expensive
substrate and long fermentation period which undermines their potential in bioremediation …

Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) is a cheap and valuable by-product of edible oil processing
industries. Palm fatty acid distillates are generally used in the soap industry, animal feed …

Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) merupakan produk samping bernilai rendah yang
dihasilkan dari proses deodorisasi pada tahapan refinery crude palm oil (CPO) menjadi …

SUMMARY Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) is a by-product physical purification of crude
palm oil consisting of free fatty acids, glycerides, as well as multicomponent bioactive such …