Smouldering combustion is an important and complex phenomenon that is central to a wide
range of problems (hazards) and solutions (applications). A rich history of research in the …

Characterization of the onset of combustion reactions within organic materials, such as the
tobacco in tobacco products, is very complex. Such materials are commonly used as a …

Oil shale pyrolysis is normally extremely complicated because many reactive processes
simultaneously occur and different products are therefore continuously generated and serve …

High temperature plays an important role in the conventional utilization of oil shale
regardless of refining or burning. This paper describes the thermal and kinetic …

The molecular structural information on a kerogen isolated from Huadian oil shale was
obtained using solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray photoelectron …

A detailed understanding of chemical composition and thermal degradation behavior is very
important for a biomass before processing it into a pyrolysis or gasification unit for energy …

Oil shale samples from Huadian were retorted in a stainless-steel cylindrical retort under
argon atmosphere to determine retorting temperature effect on the product yield and …

In this study, solvent extraction was used to recover oil from petrochemical sludge. Three
solvents were chosen to mix with petrochemical sludge to ensure adequate miscibility of …

Huadian oil shale was subjected to step-wise acid treatment to remove inherent carbonate
and silicate minerals. The original oil shale and its demineralization products (carbonate …

The effect of inherent and additional pyrite on oil shale pyrolysis was investigated in a fixed-
bed reactor. The results show that at the temperature range of 460–580° C, inherent pyrite …