Host defense against viral pathogens is an essential function for all living organisms. In cell-
intrinsic innate immunity, dedicated sensor proteins recognize molecular signatures of …

To contend with the diversity and ubiquity of bacteriophages and other mobile genetic
elements, bacteria have developed an arsenal of immune defence mechanisms. Bacterial …

A fundamental strategy of eukaryotic antiviral immunity involves the cGAS enzyme, which
synthesizes 2′, 3′-cGAMP and activates the effector STING. Diverse bacteria contain …

Bacteria encode hundreds of diverse defence systems that protect them from viral infection
and inhibit phage propagation,,,–. Gabija is one of the most prevalent anti-phage defence …

Several immune pathways in humans conjugate ubiquitin-like proteins to virus and host
molecules as a means of antiviral defence,,,–. Here we studied an antiphage defence …

Cyclic oligonucleotide-based antiphage signalling systems (CBASS) protect prokaryotes
from viral (phage) attack through the production of cyclic oligonucleotides, which activate …

Ubiquitination pathways have crucial roles in protein homeostasis, signalling and innate
immunity,–. In these pathways, an enzymatic cascade of E1, E2 and E3 proteins conjugates …

Bacteria encode an arsenal of diverse systems that defend against phage infection. A
common theme uniting many prevalent antiphage defense systems is the use of specialized …

Cyclic oligonucleotide-based signaling system (CBASS) is an antiviral system that protects
bacteria from phage infection and is evolutionarily related to human cGAS-STING immunity …

The co-evolution of prokaryotes, phages and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) has driven
the diversification of defense and anti-defense systems alike. Anti-defense proteins have …