Prostaglandins (PG) are the product of a cascade of enzymes such as cyclooxygenases and
PG synthases. Among PG, PGE 2 is produced by 3 isoforms of PGE synthase (PGES) and …

Heartburn is the most common and characteristic symptom of gastroesophageal reflux
disease. It ultimately results from contact of refluxed gastric acid with nociceptors within the …

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most common problems in clinical
practice today. It is widely believed that functional and structural abnormalities of the …

Background & Aims: Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a condition frequently associated
with esophagitis and motor abnormalities. Recent evidence suggests that proinflammatory …

The etiology of esophageal mucosal injury is complex, since it may involve the reflux of
gastric acid, bile acid, and pancreatic juice, external factors such as drugs and alcohol, or …

The etiology and clinical impact of ineffective esophageal motility (IEM) remain poorly
understood. Unless gastroesophageal acid reflux (GERD) is identified, symptomatic patients …

Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction, characterized by preserved peristalsis in
conjunction with an elevated integrated relaxation pressure, can result from specific …

The pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease remains incompletely understood.
Its hallmark symptom is “heartburn” and, on the basis of endoscopy, those with heartburn are …

Human esophageal epithelial cells play a key role in esophageal inflammation in response
to acidic pH during gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), increasing secretion of IL-6 …

Background Weak and absent esophageal peristalsis are frequently encountered
esophageal motility disorders, which may be associated with dysphagia and which may …