Students tend to avoid effective but effortful study strategies. One potential explanation could
be that high-effort experiences may not give students an immediate feeling of learning …

Many students are being left behind by an educational system that some people believe is in
crisis. Improving educational outcomes will require efforts on many fronts, but a central …

Ten Steps to Complex Learning presents a path from an educational problem to a solution in
a way that students, practitioners, and researchers can understand and easily use. Students …

Theories about learning with multimedia can be positioned at different levels. At a basic
level, psychological theories describe memory systems and cognitive processes that explain …

Objectives‐based instructional design approaches break down tasks into specific learning
objectives and prescribe that instructors should choose the optimal instructional method for …

The distributed practice effect is one of the most researched memory effects in cognitive
psychology. Beneficial distributed practice effects for long-term retention have been …

Performance improvement is thought to occur through engagement in deliberate practice.
Deliberate practice is predicted to be challenging, effortful, and not inherently enjoyable …

Medical Education 2012: 46: 464–472 Objectives Developing diagnostic competence in
students is a major goal of medical education, but there is little empirical evidence on …

The sequence of study influences how we learn. Previous research has identified different
sequences as potentially beneficial for learning in different contexts and with different …

Despite showing robust benefits in lab-based research, there remain relatively few studies
exploring the spacing effect in educational contexts with meaningful materials. In this study …