An estimated 60% of the world's population lives in Asia, where the incidence of neural tube
defects is high. Aware that tethered cord syndrome (TCS) is an important comorbidity, the …

Human reflexes are simple motor responses that are automatically elicited by various
sensory inputs. These reflexes can provide valuable insights into the functioning of the …

Purpose Tethered cord syndrome (TCS) is characterized by abnormal attachment of the
spinal cord neural elements to surrounding tissues. The most common symptoms include …

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intraoperative
neuromonitoring (IONM) in surgery for tethered cord in infants. Materials and Methods: The …

Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) is commonly used in various surgical
procedures in adults, but with technological and anaesthetic advancements, its use has …

Objective To assess the utility of intraoperative bulbocavernosus reflex (BCR) monitoring in
posterior lumbar fusion surgery. Methods We retrospectively evaluated 153 patients …

Lumbosacral spinal tumor surgery is associated with a relatively high risk of postoperative
voiding dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between intraoperative …

Spinal dysraphism often causes neurological impairment from direct involvement of lesions
or from cord tethering. The conus medullaris and lumbosacral roots are most vulnerable …

Purpose Postoperative bowel and bladder dysfunction (BBD) poses a significant risk
following surgery of the sacral spinal segments and sacral nerve roots, particularly in neuro …

Aims Neurogenic bladder (NB) is a prevalent and debilitating consequence of spinal cord
injury (SCI). Indeed, the accurate prognostication of early bladder outcomes is crucial for …