Although most studies that examined associations between music training and cognitive
abilities had correlational designs, the prevailing bias is that music training causes …

Background Several studies have found that musicians perform better than nonmusicians in
memory tasks, but this is not always the case, and the strength of this apparent advantage is …

Practicing a musical instrument is associated with cognitive benefits and structural brain
changes in correlational and interventional trials; however, the effect of musical training on …

This review focuses on reports that link music training to working memory and neural
oscillations. Music training is increasingly associated with improvement in working memory …

Background music refers to any music played while the listener is performing another
activity. Most studies on this effect have been conducted on young adults, while little …

Studies on associations between music training and cognitive abilities typically focus on the
possible benefits of music lessons. Recent research suggests, however, that many of these …

Converging evidence has demonstrated that musical training is associated with improved
perceptual and cognitive skills, including executive functions and general intelligence …

The relative importance of different factors in the development of human skills has been
extensively discussed. Research on expertise indicates that focused practice may be the …

Temporal and spectral auditory processing abilities are required for efficient and unimpaired
processing of speech and might thus be associated with the development of phonological …

Dual-task paradigms encompass a broad range of approaches to measure cognitive load in
instructional settings. As a common characteristic, an additional task is implemented …