Hydrogels are polymer networks infiltrated with water. Many biological hydrogels in animal
bodies such as muscles, heart valves, cartilages, and tendons possess extreme mechanical …

In contrast to conventional hard actuators, soft actuators offer many vivid advantages, such
as improved flexibility, adaptability, and reconfigurability, which are intrinsic to living …

Abstract Development of polymer-based smart materials, which can autonomously alter their
physical and/or chemical properties when exposed to external stimuli, is a thriving research …

With the rapidly growing attention to human-robot interfaces, soft robotics has attracted a
great deal of interest. Soft robots have diverse advantages, including compliancy and safety …

Nanocellulose is currently in the limelight of extensive research from fundamental science to
technological applications owing to its renewable and carbon‐neutral nature, superior …

A variety of soft, hydrogel-like materials with sophisticated micro-and nanoengineered
ordered structures that offer excellent functionalities exist in nature. Conventional synthetic …

Polymeric hydrogel actuators refer to intelligent stimuli‐responsive hydrogels that could
reversibly deform upon the trigger of various external stimuli. They have thus aroused …

The cell microenvironment has emerged as a key determinant of cell behavior and function
in development, physiology, and pathophysiology. The extracellular matrix (ECM) within the …

This review discusses the currently available 3D printing approaches, design concepts, and
materials that are used to obtain programmable hydrogel actuators. These polymer …

Synthetic hydrogels with hydrophobic interactions, which show excellent mechanical
performance and good anti-swelling ability in saltwater, have great potential in various …