In 1984, the first venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2) with a lysine substituting for the highly
conserved aspartate 49 was discovered, in the North American crotalid snake Agkistrodon p …

There is a broad clinical spectrum of renal involvement in snakebite. Besides the local and
systemic symptoms, clinical renal manifestations vary from mild proteinuria, haematuria …

Moderate and severe envenomations by the snake Bothrops asper provoke systemic
alterations, such as systemic bleeding, coagulopathy, hypovolemia, hemodynamic instability …

Snakebite envenoming represents a major health problem in tropical and subtropical
countries. Considering the elevated number of accidents and high morbidity and mortality …

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is the main systemic complication and cause of death in viperid
envenomation. Although there are hypotheses for the development of AKI, the mechanisms …

Snakebites have the highest incidence in Asia and represent an important health problem.
Clinical renal manifestations include proteinuria, hematuria, pigmenturia, and renal failure …

A particular subgroup of toxins with phospholipase A2 (PLA2) structure, but devoid of this
enzymatic activity, is commonly found in the venoms of snakes of the family Viperidae, and …

Medically important venomous snakes in Latin America belong to the genus Bothrops,
Crotalus, Lachesis and Micrurus. The Bothrops genus is responsible for the majority of …

Bothrops are one of the most common medically important snakes found in Latin America. Its
venom is predominantly hemotoxic and proteolytic, which means that local lesion (edema …

Animal toxins are well recognized for their hazards to man. Consisting of peptides, enzymes,
chemicals and proteins, animal toxins can cause cellular injury with a broad spectrum of …