Upon increasing levels of threat, animals activate qualitatively different defensive modes,
including freezing and active fight-or-flight reactions. Whereas freezing is a form of …

The neurovisceral integration (NVI) model was originally proposed to account for observed
relationships between peripheral physiology, cognitive performance, and emotional/physical …

The brain contains both generalized and stimulus-type-specific representations of aversive
events, but models of how these are integrated and related to subjective experience are …

Large-scale intrinsic brain systems have been identified for exteroceptive senses (such as
sight, hearing and touch). We introduce an analogous system for representing sensations …

Placebo effects are beneficial effects that are attributable to the brain–mind responses to the
context in which a treatment is delivered rather than to the specific actions of the drug. They …

Evolution has endowed all humans with a continuum of innate, hard-wired, automatically
activated defense behaviors, termed the defense cascade. Arousal is the first step in …

Emotions depend upon the integrated activity of neural networks that modulate arousal,
autonomic function, motor control, and somatosensation. Brainstem nodes play critical roles …

Fast fMRI enables the detection of neural dynamics over timescales of hundreds of
milliseconds, suggesting it may provide a new avenue for studying subsecond neural …

Value information about a drug, such as the price tag, can strongly affect its therapeutic
effect. We discovered that value information influences adverse treatment outcomes in …

Freezing is widely used as the main outcome measure for fear in animal studies. Freezing is
also getting attention more frequently in human stress research, as it is considered to play …