Danger signals trigger immune responses upon perception by a complex surveillance
system. Such signals can originate from the infectious nonself or the damaged self, the latter …

Recognition and repair of damaged tissue are an integral part of life. The failure of cells and
tissues to appropriately respond to damage can lead to severe dysfunction and disease …

Climate change and an increasing population, present a massive global challenge with
respect to environmentally sustainable nutritious food production. Crop yield enhancements …

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a modality of regulated cell death that is sufficient to
promote an adaptive immune response against antigens of the dying cell in an …

In animals, extracellular ATP is a well-studied signaling molecule that is recognized by
plasma membrane-localized P2-type purinergic receptors. However, in contrast, much less …

ATP is not only an essential metabolite of cellular biochemistry but also acts as a signal in
the extracellular milieu. In plants, extracellular ATP is monitored by the purinergic receptor …

Plants have developed complex systems of perception and signaling to adapt to changing
environmental conditions. Electrical signaling is one of the most promising candidates for …

The integrity of the cell wall is important for plant cells. Mechanical or chemical distortions,
tension, pH changes in the apoplast, disturbance of the ion homeostasis, leakage of cell …

Plants possess effective immune systems that defend against most microbial attackers.
Recent plant immunity research has focused on the classic binary defense model involving …

Abstract Background Extracellular ATP (exATP) has been shown to act as a signal molecule
for regulating growth, development, and responses of plants to the external environment …