Arousal may be understood on a spectrum, with excessive sleepiness, cognitive dysfunction,
and inattention on one side, a wakeful state in the middle, and hypervigilance, panic, and …

Abstract Changes in synaptic strength are believed to underlie learning and memory. We
explore the idea that norepinephrine is an essential modulator of memory through its ability …

The locus coeruleus (LC), the major noradrenergic nucleus of the brain, gives rise to fibres
innervating most structures of the neuraxis. Recent advances in neuroscience have helped …

This review will examine our current knowledge of a fundamental property of CRH
neuroendocrine neurons: how the major endpoint of the HPA axis—adrenal glucocorticoids …

Hindbrain neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) are critical for regulation of
hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) responses to stress. It is well known that …

Dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis has been implicated in a
range of affective and stress-related disorders. The regulatory systems that control HPA …

Since the pioneering discovery of the rapid CNS depressant actions of steroids by the “father
of stress,” Hans Seyle 70 years ago, brain-derived “neurosteroids” have emerged as …

Hindbrain NTS neurons are highly attuned to internal physiological and external
environmental factors that contribute to the control of food intake but the relevant neural …

The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) coordinates autonomic and
neuroendocrine systems to maintain homeostasis and to respond to stress. Neuroanatomic …

In addition to their support role in neurotransmitter and ion buffering, astrocytes directly
regulate neurotransmission at synapses via local bidirectional signaling with neurons. Here …