The human gastrointestinal tract is colonized by trillions of microorganisms that interact with
the host to maintain structural and functional homeostasis. Acting as the interface between …

The abundance of innate and adaptive immune cells that reside together with trillions of
beneficial commensal microorganisms in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract requires …

It is widely known that stimulator of interferon genes (STING) can trigger nuclear factor κB
(NF-κB) signaling. However, whether and how the NF-κB pathway affects STING signaling …

Intestinal microbiota interacts with other systems, especially the immune system, which is
responsible for protecting the body by recognizing “stranger”(pathogen associated …

As the primary barrier between an organism and its environment, epithelial cells are well-
positioned to regulate tolerance while preserving immunity against pathogens. Class II …

Periodontitis, or gum disease, affects millions of people each year. Although it is associated
with a defined microbial composition found on the surface of the tooth and tooth root, the …

A single layer of epithelial cells lines the small and large intestines and functions as a barrier
between commensal bacteria and the rest of the body. Ligation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) …

The intestinal microflora is a positive health asset that crucially influences the normal
structural and functional development of the mucosal immune system. Mucosal immune …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is an incurable, devastating disorder that is characterized by
pathological protein aggregation and neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra. In recent …

Most, if not all, animals coexist with a complement of prokaryotic symbionts that confer a
variety of physiologic benefits. In humans, the interaction between animal and bacterial cells …