For a blood-borne cancer therapeutic agent to be effective, it must cross the blood vessel
wall to reach cancer cells in adequate quantities, and it must overcome the resistance …

Immunotherapy has emerged as a major therapeutic modality in oncology. Currently,
however, the majority of patients with cancer do not derive benefit from these treatments …

Brain metastases are refractory to therapies that control systemic disease in patients with
human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer and the brain …

An estimated 20% of all patients with cancer will develop brain metastases, with the majority
of brain metastases occurring in those with lung, breast and colorectal cancers, melanoma …

Abnormal blood and lymphatic vessels create a hostile tumor microenvironment
characterized by hypoxia, low pH, and elevated interstitial fluid pressure. These …

A hallmark of metastasis is the adaptation of tumor cells to new environments. Metabolic
constraints imposed by the serine and glycine–limited brain environment restrict metastatic …

Angiogenesis is defined as the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels and
has been characterized as an essential process for tumor cell proliferation and viability. This …

For in vivo imaging, the short-wavelength infrared region (SWIR; 1,000–2,000 nm) provides
several advantages over the visible and near-infrared regions: general lack of …

Ten antiangiogenic drugs targeting VEGF or its receptors are approved for cancer treatment.
However, these agents, intended to block tumors' blood supply, may cause hypoxia, which …

The incidence of brain metastases has markedly increased in the past 20 years owing to
progress in the treatment of malignant solid tumours, earlier diagnosis by MRI and an …