Nociception, in contrast to pain, is not a subjective feeling, but the physiological encoding
and processing of nociceptive stimuli. However, monitoring nociception remains a challenge …

Pain diagnosis and management would benefit from the development of objective markers
of nociception and pain. Current research addressing this issue has focused on five main …

Background The analgesia/nociception index (ANI) is derived from heart rate variability,
ranging from 0 (maximal nociception) to 100 (maximal analgesia), to reflect the …

Pain is a complex and subjective experience that poses a number of measurement
challenges. While self-report by the patient is viewed as the gold standard of pain …

Background: A significant amount of evidence suggests that Opioid-Free Anaesthesia (OFA)
may provide better outcomes for patients undergoing surgery, sparing patients who are …

Background Evaluation of analgesia and antinociception during anaesthesia is still a
challenging issue and routinely based on indirect and non-specific signs such as movement …

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative monitoring with pupillometry has shown promising results for
nociception/antinociception balance monitoring. However, its benefits in clinical practice …

Background: The autonomic nervous system is influenced by many stimuli including pain.
Heart rate variability (HRV) is an indirect marker of the autonomic nervous system. Because …

Background Reported outcome benefits after surgical pleth index (SPI, GE Healthcare,
Helsinki, Finland) guided anaesthesia are conflicting. One potential explanation may be the …

This document discusses, among other things, systems and methods for managing pain in a
subject. A system may include one or more sensors configured to sense from the subject …