Interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) has long been recognized to have potent and broad‐spectrum anti‐
inflammatory activity, which has been unequivocally established in various models of …

The flagellum and the injectisome are two of the most complex and fascinating bacterial
nanomachines. At their core, they share a type III secretion system (T3SS), a transmembrane …

Immunotherapy is becoming a new standard of care for multiple cancers, while several
limitations are impending its further clinical success. Immunotherapeutic agents often have …

A protein delivery tool based on bacterial type III secretion system (T3SS) has been broadly
applied in biomedical researches. In this review, we summarize various applications of the …

Background Tobacco smokers are more susceptible to periodontitis than non-smokers but
exhibit reduced signs of clinical inflammation. The underlying mechanisms are unknown …

Methods enabling the delivery of proteins into eukaryotic cells are essential to address
protein functions. Here we propose broad applications to cell biology for a protein delivery …

Many Gram-negative pathogens encode type 3 secretion systems, sophisticated
nanomachines that deliver proteins directly into the cytoplasm of mammalian cells. These …

Bacteria and Archaea expose on their outer surfaces a variety of thread-like proteinaceous
organelles with which they interact with their environments. These structures are repetitive …

Biologics are a promising new class of drugs based on complex macromolecules such as
proteins and nucleic acids. However, delivery of these macromolecules into the cytoplasm of …

Shigellosis is an acute invasive disease of the lower intestine, which afflicts millions of
people worldwide with an estimated one million fatalities per annum. Despite of extensive …