Insulin resistance is the pivotal pathogenic component of many metabolic diseases,
including type 2 diabetes mellitus, and is defined as a state of reduced responsiveness of …

The centenary of insulin discovery represents an important opportunity to transform diabetes
from a fatal diagnosis into a medically manageable chronic condition. Insulin is a key …

The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of
research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some …

Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into muscle and adipose tissue is vital for maintaining
whole-body glucose homeostasis. Insulin promotes glucose uptake into these tissues by …

Insulin resistance is a major risk factor for numerous diseases, including type 2 diabetes and
cardiovascular disease. These disorders have dramatically increased in incidence with …

The person who passes urine which is exceedingly sweet, cool, slightly viscid, turbid, and
resembling the juices of the sugarcane… suffers from glycosuria.… There are two types of …

Modulation of the growth of human and murine cell lines in vitro by recombinant human
tumor necrosis factor-α (rTNF-α) and recombinant human interferon-γ (rIFN-γ) was …

The serine/threonine kinase Akt, also known as protein kinase B (PKB), is one of the key
factors regulating glucose and lipid energy metabolism, and is the core focus of current …

Phorbol esters have been reported to decrease sensitivity or responsiveness to insulin in
cells in vitro. Since phorbol esters are analogues of endogenously produced 1, 2 …

Insulin is a key hormone regulating the control of metabolism and the maintenance of
normoglycaemia and normolipidaemia. Insulin acts by binding to its cell surface receptor …