Immune responses need to be controlled for optimal protective immunity and tolerance.
Coinhibitory pathways in the B7-CD28 family provide critical inhibitory signals that regulate …

Introduction Advances in immunotherapy have transformed the management of metastatic
melanoma and generated encouraging results in the treatment of other malignancies …

Hypophysitis is a chronic inflammation of the pituitary gland of unknown (primary forms) or
recognizable (secondary forms) etiology, such as the use of ipilimumab in cancer …

The immune response consists of a finely-tuned program, the activation of which must be
coupled with inhibitory mechanisms whenever initiated. This ensures tight control of …

Harnessing the power of the immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer cells is a
longtime exploration. In the past decade, monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based immune …

Background There are few data on the clinical implications of immunosuppressive protein
expression in tumors and immune cell infiltration within the tumor microenvironment in …

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is a membrane glycoprotein
expressed by activated effector T cells (Teffs) and participates in the repression of T cell …

Within the paradigm of the two-signal model of lymphocyte activation, the interest in
costimulation has witnessed a remarkable emergence in the past few years with the …

Abstract CTLA‐4 (CD152) is a cell surface receptor that behaves as a negative regulator of
the proliferation and the effector function of T cells. We have previously shown that CTLA‐4 …

Immunotoxins are proteins that contain a toxin along with an antibody or growth factor that
binds specifically to target cells. Nearly all protein toxins work by enzymatically inhibiting …