Adjuvants are used in many vaccines, but their mechanisms of action are not fully
understood. Studies from the past decade on adjuvant mechanisms are slowly revealing the …

MF59 is a safe and effective vaccine adjuvant which was originally approved to be included
in a licensed influenza vaccine to be used in the elderly in Europe in 1997. The MF59 …

Vaccines have had broad medical impact, but existing vaccine technologies and production
methods are limited in their ability to respond rapidly to evolving and emerging pathogens …

Vaccines, including subunit, recombinant, and conjugate vaccines, require the use of an
immunostimulator/adjuvant for maximum efficacy. Adjuvants not only enhance the strength …

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is a prevalent global
infectious disease and a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Currently, the only available …

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by the plasmodium genus, malaria can cause a
range of symptoms and life–threatening complications so an early diagnosis is crucial. In …

Alum has been the most widely used adjuvant for over 80 years. Although there have been
searches for alternative adjuvants, aluminium-containing adjuvants will continue to be used …

Vaccination is an effective approach to prevent the consequences of infectious diseases.
Vaccines strengthen immunity and make individuals resistant to infections with pathogens …

Adjuvants have been of great interest to vaccine formulation as immune-stimulators. Prior to
the recent research in the field of immune stimulation, conventional adjuvants utilized for …

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are stand-alone immunomodulators or
'danger signals,'that are increasingly recognized as critical components of many modern …