Taxes are an essential and uniformly applied institution for maintaining modern societies.
However, the levels of taxation remain an intensive debate topic among citizens. If each …

Punishing those who refuse to participate in common efforts is a known and intensively
studied way to maintain cooperation among self-interested agents. But this act is costly …

Competing strategies in an evolutionary game model, or species in a biosystem, can easily
form a larger unit which protects them from the invasion of an external actor. Such a …

Competitors in an intransitive loop of dominance can form a defensive alliance against an
external species. The vitality of this superstructure, however, is jeopardized if we modify the …

The self-protection of alliances against external invaders is a key concept behind the
maintenance of biodiversity in the face of natural selection. But since these alliances, which …

To understand the biodiversity of an ecosystem cannot be understood by solely analyzing
the pair relations of competing species. Instead, we should consider multi-point interactions …

Much literature exists for rock-paper-scissors (RPS) game. It is well known in a single habitat
that spatial models are more stable than well-mixed population. However, the mechanism of …

In this letter we consider a single parameter generalization of the standard three species
Rock-Paper-Scissors (RPS) model allowing for predator-prey reversal. This model, which …

In ecosystems, species are willing to stay longer when they are in good environments and,
in this regard, explaining biodiversity and understanding the relative effect of species' …

We investigate the impact of parity on the abundance of weak species in the context of the
simplest generalization of the rock-paper-scissors model to an arbitrary number of species …