Macrophages are essential for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, yet appear to be
drivers of inflammation in the context of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). How these …

Cytokines are among the most important effector and messenger molecules in the immune
system. They profoundly participate in immune responses during infection and inflammation …

A general consensus exists that IBD is associated with compositional and metabolic
changes in the intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis). However, a direct causal relationship …

Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that plays a critical role in the control of
immune responses. However, its mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. Here, we …

Akkermansia muciniphila is a next-generation probiotic with significant application
prospects. The role of A. muciniphila in metabolic diseases and tumor immunotherapy has …

Both microbial and host genetic factors contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune
diseases,,,. There is accumulating evidence that microbial species that potentiate chronic …

Macrophages are increasingly recognized as essential players in the maintenance of
intestinal homeostasis and as key sentinels of the intestinal immune system. However …

The transcriptional regulator STAT3 has key roles in vertebrate development and mature
tissue function including control of inflammation and immunity. Mutations in human STAT3 …

A complex bidirectional communication system exists between the gastrointestinal tract and
the brain. Initially termed the “gut-brain axis” it is now renamed the “microbiota-gut-brain …

Given the trillions of microbes that inhabit the mammalian intestines, the host immune
system must constantly maintain a balance between tolerance to commensals and immunity …