Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are located in the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum
membrane and are responsible for the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores during …

The first suggestion that physical exercise results in free radical-mediated damage to tissues
appeared in 1978, and the past three decades have resulted in a large growth of knowledge …

It is well established that contracting muscles produce both reactive oxygen and nitrogen
species. Although the sources of oxidant production during exercise continue to be debated …

S-nitrosylation, the covalent attachment of a nitrogen monoxide group to the thiol side chain
of cysteine, has emerged as an important mechanism for dynamic, post-translational …

Extracellular stimuli elicit a variety of responses, such as cell proliferation and differentiation,
through the cellular signalling system. Binding of growth factors to the respective receptor …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) uses an elaborate surveillance system called the ER
quality control (ERQC) system. The ERQC facilitates folding and modification of secretory …

Intracellular concentrations of redox-active molecules can significantly increase in the heart
as a result of activation of specific signal transduction pathways or the development of …

Mitochondria are central to energy metabolism as the source of much of the cell's ATP, as
well as being a hub for cellular Ca 2+ signaling. Mitochondrial Ca 2+ is a positive effector of …

Cardiac arrhythmias can cause sudden cardiac death (SCD) and add to the current heart
failure (HF) health crisis. Nevertheless, the pathological processes underlying arrhythmias …

Publisher Summary Reactive oxygen is mostly a trigger for the oxidative damage of
biological structures. It is known that low physiologically relevant concentrations of reactive …