This paper reviews research on private supplementary tutoring, widely known as shadow
education, during the initial decades of the present century. It takes as its starting point the …

Academically-focused learning activities beyond formal schooling are expanding in myriad
forms throughout the world. This diverse realm of learning activities includes private …

Asian Americans are often stereotyped as the “model minority.” Their sizeable presence at
elite universities and high household incomes have helped construct the narrative of Asian …

In all parts of Asia, households devote considerable expenditures to private supplementary
tutoring. This tutoring may contribute to students' achievement, but it also maintains and …

Purpose: Private supplementary tutoring, widely known as shadow education, has long
been visible in East Asia, and now has spread to other parts of the world including Europe …

Private tuition is not a new phenomenon: it has been practised for quite a number of years in
developed and in developing countries alike. In fact, private tuition has become part of the …

Cross-national research finds that “shadow education”—educational activities outside of
formal schooling—tends to confer advantages on already privileged students. Shadow …

An Introduction to Japanese Society provides a highly readable introduction to Japanese
society by internationally renowned scholar Yoshio Sugimoto. Taking a sociological …

Using American schools as a reference point, this book provides a comprehensive,
comparative description of schooling as a global institution. Each chapter develops a story …

The growth of structured, outside-school activities for improving students' mathematics
achievement is an enduring feature of modern schooling with major policy implications …