Seismic images of Earth's interior reveal two massive anomalous zones at the base of the
mantle, above the core, where seismic waves travel slowly. The mantle materials that …

Seismic tomography reveals 2 extensive regions in the lowermost mantle, beneath Africa
and the Pacific, that exhibit lower-than-average seismic wave speeds. These regions have …

Lavas erupted at ocean island hotspots such as Hawaii have diverse geochemical
signatures. These ocean island basalts are thought to be derived from many sources with …

The core–mantle boundary (CMB)–the interface between the silicate mantle and liquid iron
alloy outer core–is the most important boundary inside our planet, with processes occurring …

The discovery of extra-solar “super-Earth” planets with sizes up to twice that of Earth has
prompted interest in their possible lithosphere and mantle dynamics and evolution. Simple …

The viscosity of the mantle is indispensable for predicting Earth's mechanical behavior at
scales ranging from deep mantle material flow to local stress accumulation in earthquakes …

With changing pressure and temperature conditions, downwelling and upwelling crustal and
mantle rocks experience several solid–solid phase transitions that affect the mineral …

The Earth was formed by the accretion of both differentiated and undifferentiated parent
bodies, and the large density difference between metallic and ionic components gave rise to …

Seismic tomography has revealed two large low shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs) in the
lowermost mantle beneath the central Pacific and Africa. The LLSVPs are further shown to …

This chapter reviews theoretical approaches to calculating the energy and entropy budgets
of the Earth's core. The energy budget allows the growth of the inner core with time to be …