More than a decade has passed since the conceptualization of the “alarmin” hypothesis. The
alarmin family has been expanding in terms of both number and the concept. It has recently …

Aluminum-containing adjuvants are widely used in preventive vaccines against infectious
diseases and in preparations for allergy immunotherapy. The mechanism by which they …

Maintenance of periodontal health or transition to a periodontal lesion reflects the
continuous and ongoing battle between the vast microbial ecology in the oral cavity and the …

Immunogenic profile of certain cancer cell death mechanisms has been transmuted by
research published over a period of last few years and this change has been so drastic that …

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and endogenous “danger” signals,
known as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), released from cells alert the …

Men may not be able to multitask, but it is emerging that proteins can. This capacity of
proteins to exhibit more than one function is termed protein moonlighting, and, surprisingly …

Stress or heat shock proteins (HSPs) are the most conserved proteins present in both
prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Their expression is induced in response to a wide variety of …

Extensive work has suggested that a number of endogenous molecules such as heat shock
proteins (hsp) may be potent activators of the innate immune system capable of inducing …

Apoptotic cell death is initiated by a morphologically homogenous entity that was considered
to be non-immunogenic and non-inflammatory in nature. However, recent advances suggest …

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) such as HSP 60 (Hsp60), Hsp70, Hsp90, and gp96, have been
reported to play important roles in antigen presentation and cross-presentation, activation of …