Antigen processing and presentation are the cornerstones of adaptive immunity. B cells
cannot generate high-affinity antibodies without T cell help. CD4+ T cells, which provide …

The adaptive immune response is a major determinant of the clinical outcome after SARS-
CoV-2 infection and underpins vaccine efficacy. T cell responses develop early and …

Interactions between the immune system and the nervous system have been described
mostly in the context of diseases. More recent studies have begun to reveal how certain …

The COVID-19 pandemic has given the study of virus evolution and ecology new relevance.
Although viruses were first identified more than a century ago, we likely know less about …

The immune system enables organisms to combat infections and to eliminate endogenous
challenges. Immune responses can be evoked through diverse inducible pathways …

Nearly all genetic variants that influence disease risk have human-specific origins; however,
the systems they influence have ancient roots that often trace back to evolutionary events …

Host defense against viral pathogens is an essential function for all living organisms. In cell-
intrinsic innate immunity, dedicated sensor proteins recognize molecular signatures of …

A nanobody (Nb) is a registered trademark of Ablynx, referring to the single antigen‐binding
domain of heavy chain‐only antibodies (HCAbs) that are circulating in Camelidae. Nbs are …

Summary Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is an enzyme in human cells that controls an
immune response to cytosolic DNA. Upon binding DNA, cGAS synthesizes a nucleotide …

Mast cells are immune cells of the haematopoietic lineage that are now thought to have
multifaceted functions during homeostasis and in various disease states. Furthermore, while …