Importance Despite women composing half of current medical school classes, surgical
specialties still struggle to attract and retain women. Even after successful recruitment into …

Objective: This study aims to summarize the evidence concerning the barriers that exist to
the career progression of women in surgery and to provide potential solutions to overcome …

Importance Factors contributing to underrepresentation of women in surgery are
incompletely understood. Pro-male bias and stereotype threat appear to contribute to …

Background Gender disparities are prevalent in medicine, but their impact on surgical
training is not well studied. Objective To quantify gender disparities in trainee intraoperative …

Abstract “Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls” is essential to reduce
gender disparity and improve the status of women. But it remains a challenge to narrow …

Background Despite the increasing numbers of female medical students, surgery remains
male-dominated. Purpose To highlight the principal career obstacles experienced by …

Introduction Hand size, strength, and stature all impact a surgeon's ability to perform
Traditional Laparoscopic Surgery (TLS) comfortably and effectively. This is due to limitations …

Introduction Gender disparities in resident operative experience have been described;
however, their etiology is poorly understood, and racial/ethnic disparities have not been …

OBJECTIVE Given widespread disparities in the surgical workforce and the advent of
competency-based training models that rely on objective evaluations of resident …

Abstract Purpose of Review Women remain underrepresented in urology despite being well-
represented in medicine overall. A more diverse urological workforce has the potential to …