This study aims to disclose how eye-tracking technology has been applied to studies of
learning, and what eye movement measures have been used for investigations by reviewing …

Visual displays are very frequently used in learning materials. Although visual displays have
great potential to foster learning, they also pose substantial demands on learners so that the …

Recent research suggests that drawing activities can help students learn concepts in the
science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines. In particular …

Abstract Argumentation, and the production of scientific arguments are critical elements of
inquiry that are necessary for helping students become scientifically literate through …

External visual representations of chemical entities and processes (chemical
representations) play a critical role in chemical thinking and practice. They support …

This chapter argues that to understand the ways that multiple representations should be
designed to support learning, we need to consider the pedagogical functions that they play …

Background The most challenging task in eye‐tracking‐based multimedia research is to
establish a relationship between eye‐tracking metrics (or cognitive processes) and learners' …

We present the results of a study designed to provide insight into interactive simulation use
during guided-inquiry activities in chemistry classes. The PhET Interactive Simulations …

Multiple external representations (MERs) are central to the practice and learning of science,
mathematics and engineering, as the phenomena and entities investigated and controlled in …

Systems thinking approaches underscore a holistic view of the components comprising a
dynamic system, including their connections and interdependencies as well as their …